A quantum (plural: quanta) is the smallest discrete unit of a phenomenon. For example, a quantum of light is a photon, and a quantum of electricity is an electron. Quantum comes from Latin, meaning "an amount" or "how much?" If something is quantifiable, then it can be measured.
So, we use qubits instead of binary bits when we talk about computers and if we link these qubits together our processing speed is increased. Right now, there is no end in sight as to how fast computers might eventually become... and/or what that eventual speed might lead us to next.
When we look at quantum from a physics point of view, we see subatomic particles that are further broken down into smaller components called strings or fibrating filaments of pure energy. Like qubits, strings are the foundation of all matter.
As mentioned earlier, the movement of strings is what many physicists believe cause our various dimensions to exist, although none of the theory has actually been proven.
BUT, from a computer's point of view, nothing has to be explained as it is just there and functions based upon the programs that have been loaded.
Quantum computers are faster than classical computers because classical computers computer every single option, one at a time whereas, quantum computers simply calculate the answer with the highest probability.
Additionally, as each highest probability is calculated, it is stored and remembered, which then becomes the foundation for the concept of machine learning.
The drawback with quantum computers is that they cannot control any realtime deviices because they do not have an operating system.
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