Lighter & Stronger Than Steel

Researchers from the University of Connecticut and colleagues have created a highly durable, lightweight material by structuring DNA and then coating it in glass. The resulting product, characterized by its nanolattice structure, exhibits a unique combination of strength and low density, making it potentially useful in applications like vehicle manufacturing and body armor. (Artist’s concept.)






Researchers have developed a highly robust material with an extremely low density by constructing a structure using DNA and subsequently coating it in glass.

Materials possessing both strength and lightness have the potential to enhance everything from automobiles to body armor. But usually, the two qualities are mutually exclusive. 

However, researchers at the University of Connecticut, along with their collaborators, have now crafted an incredibly strong yet lightweight material. Surprisingly, they achieved this using two unexpected building blocks: DNA and glass.

“For the given density, our material is the strongest known,” says Seok-Woo Lee, a materials scientist at UConn. Lee and colleagues from UConn, Columbia University, and Brookhaven National Lab report the details on July 19 in Cell Reports Physical Science.

Strength is relative. Iron, for example, can take 7 tons of pressure per square centimeter. But it’s also very dense and heavy, weighing 7.8 grams/cubic centimeter. Other metals, such as titanium, are stronger and lighter than iron. 

And certain alloys combining multiple elements are even stronger. Strong, lightweight materials have allowed for lightweight body armor, better medical devices, and made safer, faster cars and airplanes.  READ MORE...

Silence

Southern Living

 In the southeastern states, we will be mowing our yards well into October...  at least some of us will...  others will simply let the grass tassel and not mow again until the spring.

While Fall is a good time to plant grass seed, the preferred time is in the spring when nature is beginning it new growing cycle.  It is also a good time to plant shrubs and trees.

In previous houses in which we live, my wife and I spent a lot of time, money, and effort making sure that our yard was full of trees, shrubs, and all sorts of flowers.  While all of that looked good, as we got older, preparing the landscaping for the spring growth became a chore we no longer wanted to do, no matter how nice our yard looked.

We removed all our flower beds and put in grass so that all we had to do was mow.  There were still areas that we could not change to grass because they were on a hillside and mixed with trees and shrubs, so we left them alone.

When we finally downsized, we eliminated 80% of our problem with our new location.  Less time to mow and weed eat and less time to prepare our flower gardens...  our new flower beds are full of hostas that require minimal maintenance.

Some of our neighbors have no trees in their yards and the only flower beds they have are at the corner of their driveways.  All they do is have to mow.  Other neighbors, old like us, have planted trees for shade and shrubs and flowers that require minimal maintenance.  It probably takes them one to two hours a week to care for their yards.

In no time at all, our warm weather will be gone and the cold and chilly temperatures of fall will have arrived.  No one will be out in their yards and no one will be walking on the streets for exercise.  All of us will be inside doing one thing or another and we will be complaining how cold it is and that we cannot wait for spring and summer.

Wize Advice

 

Empower Individuals Not the Government

View of Russian-born American writer Ayn Rand (1905-1982) on the set of "The Today Show" in New York City, March 23, 1961. Behind her is a quote from her 1961 book, "For the New Intellectual." (Raimondo Borea/Photo Researchers History/Getty Images)




The United States is mired right now not only in a political crisis — but in an existential crisis.

The deep divide between left and right is accompanied by incessant attacks on foundational institutions, beliefs and values that threaten to topple the most powerful and successful society in the history of humanity.

There is hope. And it comes from one of the most powerful champions of individual liberty.

Philosopher and author Ayn Rand offered a guide for the United States to step back from its political precipice and return to greatness: a nation reunited by core common goals, ideals and prosperity.

"She believed what the Founding Fathers achieved was pretty close to perfection," Yaron Brook, chair of the California-based Ayn Rand Institute, told Fox News Digital.

"She also believed that the nation wasn’t living up to the promise of what the Founders had actually created. But she thought they did as good a job as anybody could [in] setting down the principles of how a country should govern itself."

Rand is best known as the author of "Atlas Shrugged."

Her signature 1957 novel is dubbed "a cornerstone of pro-liberty literature" by Students for Liberty.

She was an immigrant who escaped revolutionary-era Russia and found intellectual freedom and success in the United States.  READ MORE...

Yellow Jackets

 

Censorship in America

 FOX News reported this morning (and I have no reason to doubt them yet) that none of the other networks except MSNBC have reported on the story about Devin Archer testifying to the House and that the transcript of his testimony has been released to the public.

What this tells me is that the LIBERAL MEDIA NETWORKS in the US of A do not want the AMERICAN people to know the TRUTH about the BIDENS.

What if these same networks did not want the general public to know the truth about:

• the Chinese military strength
• the Chinese desire to DEFEAT America
• the Russian war in Ukraine
• North Korea getting closer to becoming a nuclear power
• the truth about Aliens visitations on earth
• that our military is currently not powerful enough to defeat China in a war
• that our nuclear weapons stockpile is not as large as the government has claimed
• that AI/Robots will take your job by 2025
• that our government care more about money than people

It would not surprise me at all that if the America People knew the WHOLE TRUTH, that there would be a REVOLT in this country.  I believe that neither liberals or conservatives like being lied to and if it happened enough they would respond negatively.

It would also surprise me that if the general public knew that the government did not really have the money, or finally admitted that they could not get the money TO TAKE CARE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, that the general public would rise up and revolt and demand a new government.

Currently, taxes do not provide us with all the money that we need, and the WEALTHY are still able to hide millions away from the IRS so that those monies will never be taxed.  It is the WEALHY that FORCES our government to borrow money...  not the poor people.

 What will happen in the good ole US of A when it can NO LONGER borrow money?

They will print up more money...

Printing up more money will increase inflation...

AS AN AMERICAN YOU SHOULD DEMAND TO KNOW THE TRUTH ABOUT YOUR GOVERNMENT...

The Old America is GONE

I grew up in the 1950s and 1960s and while it was a much simpler way of life, we still had the rule of law that we had to obey.  We respected our elders to some degree until the Vietnam War and it was obvious that males were males and females were females even though we had individuals from both genders who wanted to experiment with the other side.  

Most of the people were patriotic, they voted, voiced their opinions in public and respected other people's points of view.  We had no concerns or fears that the government or any organization would try to censor our views other than our employers who made it clear politics was not up for discussion in the workplace.

We grew up with television heroes and muscle cars, cheap gasoline and the acceptance that people were entitled to make a reasonable profit if they owned a business.  There was a HUGE LINE between management and labor that was not crossed and there was an animosity between management and labor that would never be resolved.

In the 1960s all of that changed with the counter culture movement and the hippies who preached non violence, sex, and drugs as a solution for everything.

Out of the culture of the 1960s came a distrust:

• for the law
• for the government
• for politicians
• for the older generation

And, as black Americans began to flex their political muscles against the white establishment...  it was only natural that in a short matter of time, slavery would become the issue that once again divided the nation.

This time it revolved around:

1. Black Lives Matter
2. Critical Race Theory
3. WOKENESS
4. Reparations

• In the early 2000s before all this took place, it was painfully obvious that politicians from both parties DID NOT CARE about fixing anything that was wrong with America, such as:
• wage and price discrepancies
• wages between management and labor
• racism in the workplace and in communities
• our corrupt politicians
• the corrupt legal system
• the corrupt law enforcement system
• our declining educational standards
• our declining infrastructure (roads and bridges)
• our battle with climate change
• our rising medical costs
• our weakened military
• all the tax loopholes to avoid paying taxes

Most of us who grew up in the 50s and 60s not only lost respect for our country and it's leaders, but we stopped believing that the USA would ever change back to the way it was...  and, I don't mean a white led society but a society of all races and genders, coming together to solve problems and make this place a better country in which to live.

Just a quick for instance...

I was not racist until BLM, CRT, and WOKENESS started pushing their beliefs on everyone else.  Now, I don't want to do a damn thing for that race of people.

Currently, in the USA, 

12% of the population are black

60% of the population are white

There are more whites than blacks and the whites are beginning to think that maybe we should not do so much for the blacks anymore.  If they want something, let them earn it the old fashion way with hard work.

An issue that the blacks have not possible thought about.  If the liberals push for abortions to be legal in every state, now that the Federal Govt is no longer responsible for them...

MY GUESS IS THAT MORE BLACKS WILL GET ABORTIONS THAN WHITES

What does this mean?

It could possibly reduce the % of blacks because whites are having babies.

 

Frank Lloyd Wright

 

Oldest Languages in the World

Ancient Greek is among the oldest languages in the world. Credit: Maurice Flesier / CC BY-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons



Determining the exact “oldest” languages can be challenging as the origin of many ancient languages is often shrouded in mystery. However, based on historical evidence and linguistic research, historians and philologists can make educated guesses.

Ancient written languages emerged as a revolutionary development in human history, allowing civilizations to record and preserve their knowledge, culture, and history for future generations.

The study of ancient languages, known as philology or historical linguistics, is vital for deciphering ancient texts, understanding cultural interactions, and tracing the migratory patterns of early human populations. Comparative linguistic analysis allows researchers to identify language families and reconstruct proto-languages, which can provide insights into prehistoric societies and their ways of life.


The oldest languages and the importance of writing
According to the British Library, the invention of full writing systems seems to have occurred independently in at least four distinct instances. The earliest of these occurred in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) around 3400 to 3300 BC, where the script known as cuneiform was employed. 

Shortly thereafter, around 3200 BC, a writing system emerged in Egypt. By 1300 BC, during the late Shang dynasty in China, there is evidence of a fully functional writing system in use. Sometime between 900 and 600 BC, writing also made its appearance in the cultures of Mesoamerica. In addition to these known instances, there are certain regions like the Indus River Valley but the scripts remain undeciphered.

Although the dates of these developments suggest the possibility of writing spreading from a central point of origin, there is limited evidence of direct links between these writing systems. Each system possesses unique characteristics, indicating independent invention in various parts of the world.  READ MORE...

No Evil

 

Double Standards

 Ever since I was 16 years old (59 years ago), I have known beyond a shadow of a doubt that there will always be double standards based upon who you are.  These double standards don't always apply to the law but most of the time they do.

I remember in high school there was a classmate of mine who did all sorts of negative things that other people were blamed for because he created the impression of being innocent.

After high school, I enlisted in the military because I was about to be drafted and there were others my age, who were overlooked for the draft because their parents were wealthy or influential or both.

After college when I was in the workforce, there were people in supervisory positions that were incredibly incompetent but were there because of who they knew.  They would take your ideas and never give you any credit...  especially when it would lead to a promotion.  You just stop giving ideas and look for another job.

In 2023, it is no different.  Hunter Biden is guilty of all sorts of crimes that others who have been charged with the same or similar crime have spent time in jail or prison.

Hunter is the son of President Biden.

Most of the people that I know will tell you outright that they do not like double standards and will stop voting for a particular person or party because of those double standards.

Right now, Trump is being charged with all sorts of crimes and President Joe Biden remains untouched  regarding all the money he has received from foreign governments that could compromise the security of the USA.

DOUBLE STANDARDS...

No Regrets

 

New Insights Into Quantum Field Theory

Munshi G. Mustafa, in his recent publication in EPJ ST, introduces thermal field theory, an essential subset of quantum field theory that focuses on phenomena occurring at non-zero temperatures. This theory combines statistical mechanics with conventional quantum field theory and simplifies the examination of many-body systems. It is vital for understanding high-energy heavy-ion collisions, phase transitions in condensed matter physics, and early universe evolution.




Thermal field theory seeks to explain many-body dynamics at non-zero temperatures not considered in conventional quantum field theory.

The thermal field theory, as presented by Munshi G. Mustafa, bridges statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, simplifying the analysis of many-body systems and enhancing the understanding of high-energy collisions and early universe evolution.

Quantum field theory is a framework used by physicists to describe a wide range of phenomena in particle physics and is an effective tool to deal with complicated many-body problems or interacting systems.

Conventional quantum field theory describes systems and interactions at zero temperature and zero chemical potential, and interactions in the real world certainly do occur at non-zero temperatures. 

That means scientists are keen to discover what effects may arise as a result of non-zero temperature and what new phenomena could arise due to a thermal background. In order to understand this, physicists turn to a recipe for quantum field theory in a thermal background — thermal field theory.  READ MORE...

US Air Force

 

My Latest Creation

 As many of you already know, my wife stopped cooking once she retired, so I am responsible for preparing and cooking my own meals.  This does not really bother me and I think she has a right to stop cooking after cooking for so many years.  However, I am not too fond of the cleaning up afterwards so I have tried not just to be careful when I cook but come up with one pan recipes.

Yesterday, was one of those days where I came up with something new.  Not sure what you would call it other than a chicken pasta casserole.

I started with two cans of cream of chicken soup to which I added a can and a half of water.  Hindsight tells me this was a tad too much water, so next time I will just use one can of water.

Next, I cut up a yellow onion.  How you cut it up does not really matter.  I cut it in half, then made several slices on that half, then several slices the opposite way.

Next I cut up fresh broccoli so that the stems were very short to which I added a package of frozen peas.

Next I added about 2 cups of freshly cook spaghetti to which I added about 2 cups of a mixture of yellow and white cheese.  I like the Mexican cheese.

Salt and pepper were added next.  Not sure how much I just poured it into the palm of my hand and when it looked like I had a tablespoon, I stopped.

All of this was put into a big mixing bowl and blended with a wooden spoon thoroughly, adding in 4 chicken breasts.

Finally, I added about a half of a package of hush puppy mix in the hopes that this would bind all of the ingredients together.

A glass, rectangular cooking bowl was selected as they seem to cook better than the metal ones.  I sprayed all around it with PAM and put it into oven at 350 degrees for 50 minutes.  I turned up the heat to 400 degrees and cooked it another 30 minutes.

Below is a photo of my creation, minus a little bowl that I had to eat after it cooled down a little...

BTW, the heat completely disintegrated almost all of the spaghetti noodles, so I think I will use rice next time instead.

I also think the hush puppy mixture was a nice touch and I am sure it would taste just as good with almost any kind of grain like cornmeal.

Table Tennis

 

US Citizens are Apathetic

I am not a registered Democrat nor am I a registered Republican...  I suppose that makes me an Independent.

I DON'T TRUST politicians and that goes for both Republicans and Democrats, but also includes Independents, Progressives, and Socialists.

Because of my 75 years of age, I was around in the 1960s and the same issues that we have in 2020/2023 are the same basic issues that we had back then.

NOTHING CHANGES...  regardless of which part controls the Presidency or either house of our Congress.

I am now convinced that politicians don't want anything to change because their main concern is getting re-elected to office.

Our problems would be solved, if we limited the terms of our Congressional members just like we limit the term of our Presidents.

BUT GUESS WHAT?  No Congressional official would ever vote for something like that which would obviously screw all of them and their plans to be in Congress until they die.

The last time I checked, we, the people, elect people to Congress so if they don't want to pass limited terms, then we just vote someone else into office.

Therein lies our problem.  The General Public (that's you and I) don't really want to get involved.  Not sure why we don't want to get involved but we don't.  Therefore, our problem will continue and never be resolved.

Apathy is what happens inside nations that will soon be conquered by other countries.  Not that the USA will ever be conquered by a military, it could easily be conquered by a country with a better economy than ours.    

It could get conquered by a country that has better educational retention than ours.  

It could be conquered by a country that has better political awareness than ours.

Insulted

 

Russian UFO Engagements

Former Navy pilot Ryan Graves, ex-Navy commander David Fravor and former U.S. intelligence officer David Grusch testify before the House of Representatives subcommittee focused on UFOs while (left to right) George Knapp (red tie left of Grusch), Charles McCullough (light blue tie) and Jeremy Corbell sit behind them (House subcommittee on National Security, the Border and Foreign Affairs)




FIRST ON FOX - Russian warplanes engaged UFOs, "chased them and even shot at them" at least 45 times by 1993, according to classified Russian documents that investigative reporter George Knapp obtained and smuggled out of the country.

That's just one snippet of information revealed in letters written by Knapp and investigative journalist Jeremy Corbell to the House's Oversight Committee before Wednesday's UFO hearing.

Both letters, which were first obtained by Fox News Digital and published in their entirety below, were entered into the Congressional record.

"Since 1969, the position of our military has been that UFOs pose no threat to national security and are not worthy of further study," Knapp wrote in his letter. "This dismissive attitude is directly at odds with what was revealed in documents, reports and internal memos."

As the country's eyes and ears were glued to three explosive testimonies, Corbell whispered something to Charles McCullough as George Knapp listened in with a smirk.

McCullough, who was President Barack Obama's former Intelligence Community Inspector General, represented Grusch in his Intelligence Community Inspector General complaint purposefully seated behind him.

These three men sat directly behind David Grusch, who was flanked by Navy pilots Ryan Graves and David Fravor during Wednesday's Congressional hearing about UFOs.f

Grusch's testimony about recovered "biologics" of "non-humans" from alleged UFO crash sites made national - and even international - headlines, while details in Knapp's and Corbell's letters went under the radar.  READ MORE...

Wingsuits

 

Getting Bigger

What We Don't See/Notice

 I watched parts of YELLOWSTONE and as a result I started watching 1883 which is supposed to tell the story of the family gave birth to the Yellowstone family...  whatever their name was...  I am not sure if I like 1883 or not, but after watching several episodes, it does capture your attention where you would like to know what is going to happen next.

With that said, there are parts of the movie that we tend to overlook for one reason or another...  and, those are the points about which I would like to comment.

My first thought is that people in 1883 did not have incredibly white teeth...  but, it seems like all the actors and actresses regardless of how they are dressed or what part they are supposed to play have perfectly white teeth.

Along with white teeth, is the fact that many of the actors and actresses have perfectly washed and parted hair...  except for the cowboys...  and, I just don't see how something like that would be possible back in 1883 even if you were not a cowboy.

Obviously, the people of 1883 took baths in the nearest river, but there is no signs of soap around when they do get into the water to bathe.  And, along with that thought is the fact that all the women (that are shown in a certain light) have no underarm hair.  I'm sure they removed underarm hair back in 1883 but when you are on the trail going from Tennessee to Oregon, I just cannot believe that shaving under one's arms is a priority.

Curiously, toilet paper in America was invented in in 1857 by a man named Joseph Gayetty but it was not until 1883 that toilet paper as we know it today (on the roll) was patented.

Consequently, would the wagon train have stocked up on toilet paper as well as food and clothes to make the journey to Oregon?  Those wagons can only hold so much.

When I was in the Boy Scouts in the 1950s we would go camping in the Appalachian Mountains and we WOULD NOT take toilet paper.  We dug holes in the ground and used leaves or pine needles.

In 1883, the land they were crossing was basically dirt and rock...  so, it is going to be difficult to dig a hole, plus there are no leaves so these pioneers must be using sand to wipe their butts.

I realize that we go to the movies for entertainment not to study history but I always wondered what it would be like to watch a movie that took place in the late 1800s and see it being historically accurate.

Voice Mail

 

How Earth's Atmosphere Changed

A DENSE RAINFOREST or other verdant terrestrial vegetation may be what first comes to mind at the mention of photosynthesis. Yet the clouds of phytoplankton that fill the oceans are the major drivers of that process in nature. 

The plantlike single-celled aquatic microbes generate more than 50 percent of the oxygen in the atmosphere, and they absorb nearly half of the carbon dioxide, converting it into the glucose, fats, proteins and other organic molecules that nourish the food web of the oceans.

A recently published study in Current Biology finally pins down the source of this unparalleled photosynthetic efficiency, which has long baffled scientists. The new research found that some phytoplankton are equipped with an extra internal membrane that carries a “proton pump” enzyme that supercharges their ability to convert carbon dioxide into other substances. 

The enhancements due to this one protein modification seem to contribute to the production of nearly 12 percent of the oxygen in the air and as much as 25 percent of all the carbon “fixed” (locked into organic compounds) in the ocean.

Surprisingly, that photosynthetic innovation seems to have evolved by chance from a membrane protein that was originally used for digestion in the ancestor of the phytoplankton. 

In addition to explaining the cells’ prowess at photosynthesis, the new work helps to confirm the theory that those phytoplankton arose through a symbiotic alliance between a protozoan and a resilient red alga.

“I find it staggering that a proton enzyme that we have known for so many decades is responsible for maintaining such a crucial phenomenon on Earth,” said Dennis Brown, a cell biologist at Harvard Medical School who studies the functions of membrane proteins and was not involved in the study.

Researchers knew that certain classes of phytoplankton—diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores—stand out for their exceptional photosynthetic abilities. 

Those cells are extremely proficient at absorbing carbon dioxide from their environment and directing it to their chloroplasts for photosynthesis, but the details of why they are so good at it haven’t been very clear. A feature unique to those three groups of phytoplankton, however, is that they have an extra membrane around their chloroplasts.  READ MORE...

Explained

 

Nashville Guitar

 

Houses

Reverse Aging Process

Behind Bryan Johnson’s (pictured) $2 million anti-aging regimen is 29-year-old doctor Oliver Zolman.



Tech CEO Bryan Johnson’s rigid routine of 1,977 vegan-based calories a day, a couple dozen morning supplements, and consistent organ testing caught the attention of the masses ever since he first shared his reverse-aging protocol with Bloomberg in January. 

The 45-year-old’s quest for immortality has garnered massive criticism from longevity experts and doctors who question whether his dedication will prove anything long term, not to mention the impact it may have on his quality of life.

Pulling the strings behind Johnson’s reportedly $2 million longevity craze is a team of 30-plus doctors and health experts, led by 29-year-old Oliver Zolman—a millennial doctor obsessed with turning back the clock.

“I’m going for results that have never been achieved ever,” Zolman tells Fortune. “My bar is very high.” Zolman juggles about 10 clients at a time and reportedly charges upwards of $1,000 an hour for intensive age-related testing, according to Bloomberg’s profile. 

Zolman did not share his current rate with Fortune, but says he charges people based on their net worth.  “If they have no money, then I just don’t charge,” he says. “If they’re a billionaire, then it’s like, ‘Okay, thousands of dollars is nothing to them.’” 

Still, Zolman says most of his clients are similar to “Bryan’s demographic,” with some exceptions. But in a follow-up email, Zolman said he does not charge anyone except for Johnson and “never actually charged $1,000 an hour.”

Zolman, who lives in Cambridge, England (but also spends time in Spain and hopes to open a clinic there), introduced himself as a “professional evidence-based rejuvenation coach and clinician trainer” at a lecture during the Longevity Summit Dublin last year.

“Rejuvenation just means getting younger, or making it younger so obviously to prove that, in an evidence-based way, you have to measure the age of something,” he says, adding that he measures individual ages of organs to determine protocols for clients. “You can’t just randomly say I feel younger. That’s completely ridiculous.”

Zolman has been fascinated with longevity and regenerative medicine—modalities that aim to combat age-related changes—since he was young.  READ MORE...

First Day of Class for Business Majors

When I was teaching business classes in college, it did not matter if this was your first year in college or your fourth or fifth year in college, I would always ask my students the same two questions on the first day of class.

WHO ARE YOU?

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

These two questions had to be answered in narrative form without relying on bullet points.  I wanted a response that was at least 500 words for each question.

BOY...  did they get pissed off at me!!!

Why do you suppose that I did this for BUSINESS MAJORS?

First - it told me how well they communicate, especially in writing.

Second - it told me how well they follow instructions without asking questions - Thinking for themselves.

Third - it told me how deep they are willing to drill down on a subject.

Fourth - it told me how well they understand themselves.

Fifth - it told me how well they perceive themselves.

Sixth - it told me how they may respond to unexpected situations.

Seventh - it provided me with a SWAT analysis of themselves.

Eighth - it told me how creative they could be.

Ninth - it gave me some insight as to their self-esteem and personalities.

Tenth - it told me if they had taken the assignment seriously.

Supposedly, a BA degree does not just teach you about business, but it teaches you about business leadership, values, integrity, and how to follow.  Yes...  a good leader, knows how to follow.  How can you expect others to follow you, if you yourself have no clues about following a leader?

Most college classes are either 50 minutes in length or 80 minutes in length.  Before, the class ended, I told the students that the in class assignment was now homework and due a week later at the beginning of class.  I gave them no further instructions, nor would I answer any of their questions about the assignment.  It was up to them to decide how they thought I might want it turned into me.

Obviously, this made them feel very uncomfortable because they were used to professors telling them exactly what to do and how to do it...   and, therein lies the problem of college...  professors thinking for the students so that they will get good evaluations at the end of the semester.

What I was looking for was a well thought through paper.  I did not care about the length as long as it was all inclusive.  How do you take 18-22 years of knowledge and boil it down into a condensed concept of thought?  It needed to be well written with no more than 3 grammatical errors.  Yes...  business majors needed to know proper grammar.

AND ABOVE ALL ELSE IT NEEDED TO BE TYPED and if it had a cover page and was in a folder, then the student got extra credit.

Students that worked while attending college, turned in better assignments than those that did not work...  does that really make sense?