Unlimited Vacuum Energy of Space

Abstract
Considering the fundamental cutoff applied by the uncertainty relations’ limit on virtual particles’ frequency in the quantum vacuum, it is shown that the vacuum energy density is proportional to the inverse of the fourth power of the dimensional distance of the space under consideration and thus the corresponding vacuum energy automatically regularized to zero value for an infinitely large free space. This can be used in regularizing a number of unwanted infinities that happen in the Casimir effect, the cosmological constant problem, and so on without using already known mathematical (not so reasonable) techniques and tricks.

1. Introduction
In the standard quantum field theory, not only does the vacuum (zero-point) energy have an absolute infinite value, but also all the real excited states have such an irregular value; this is because these energies correspond to the zero-point energy of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators (). We usually get rid of this irregularity via simple technique of normal ordering by considering the energy difference relative to the vacuum state [1–6]; but, of course, there are some important situations where one deals directly with the absolute vacuum energy as in the cosmological constant problem [7] or in the regularization of the vacuum energy in the Casimir effect [8]. 

After a half century of knowing and “living” with the vacuum energy, there are only some mathematical techniques and approaches in regularizing its infinite value without paying enough conceptual attention to the “content” of the quantum vacuum “structure.” In this paper, considering the fundamental assumption that the vacuum energy originates from the “motion” of virtual particles in the quantum vacuum, it is shown that the free vacuum energy can be regularized based on the uncertainty relations’ limit on these particles’ frequency. Indeed, the free vacuum (or any infinitely large vacuum space) energy is automatically regularized to zero value without using any presupposition (e.g., normal ordering) usually used in getting rid of the infinity of the quantum vacuum energy (the vacuum catastrophe).  READ MORE...

New Insights Into Quantum Field Theory

Munshi G. Mustafa, in his recent publication in EPJ ST, introduces thermal field theory, an essential subset of quantum field theory that focuses on phenomena occurring at non-zero temperatures. This theory combines statistical mechanics with conventional quantum field theory and simplifies the examination of many-body systems. It is vital for understanding high-energy heavy-ion collisions, phase transitions in condensed matter physics, and early universe evolution.




Thermal field theory seeks to explain many-body dynamics at non-zero temperatures not considered in conventional quantum field theory.

The thermal field theory, as presented by Munshi G. Mustafa, bridges statistical mechanics and quantum field theory, simplifying the analysis of many-body systems and enhancing the understanding of high-energy collisions and early universe evolution.

Quantum field theory is a framework used by physicists to describe a wide range of phenomena in particle physics and is an effective tool to deal with complicated many-body problems or interacting systems.

Conventional quantum field theory describes systems and interactions at zero temperature and zero chemical potential, and interactions in the real world certainly do occur at non-zero temperatures. 

That means scientists are keen to discover what effects may arise as a result of non-zero temperature and what new phenomena could arise due to a thermal background. In order to understand this, physicists turn to a recipe for quantum field theory in a thermal background — thermal field theory.  READ MORE...

Something is Created from Nothing

There are all sorts of conservation laws in the Universe: for energy, momentum, charge, and more. Many properties of all physical systems are conserved: where things cannot be created or destroyed.

We've learned how to create matter under specific, explicit conditions: by colliding two quanta together at high enough energies so that equal amounts of matter and antimatter can emerge, so long as E = mc² allows it to happen.

For the first time, we've managed to create particles without any collisions or precursor particles at all: through strong electromagnetic fields and the Schwinger effect. 

HERE's HOW...

Whoever said, “You can’t get something from nothing” must never have learned quantum physics. As long as you have empty space — the ultimate in physical nothingness — simply manipulating it in the right way will inevitably cause something to emerge. Collide two particles in the abyss of empty space, and sometimes additional particle-antiparticle pairs emerge. 

Take a meson and try to rip the quark away from the antiquark, and a new set of particle-antiparticle pairs will get pulled out of the empty space between them. And in theory, a strong enough electromagnetic field can rip particles and antiparticles out of the vacuum itself, even without any initial particles or antiparticles at all.

Previously, it was thought that the highest particle energies of all would be needed to produce these effects: the kind only obtainable at high-energy particle physics experiments or in extreme astrophysical environments. But in early 2022, strong enough electric fields were created in a simple laboratory setup leveraging the unique properties of graphene, enabling the spontaneous creation of particle-antiparticle pairs from nothing at all. 

The prediction that this should be possible is 70 years old: dating back to one of the founders of quantum field theory, Julian Schwinger. The Schwinger effect is now verified, and teaches us how the Universe truly makes something from nothing.  READ MORE...