UK scientists have undertaken a huge "archaeological dig" of cancer in the UK, analysing the complete genetic make-up - or whole genome sequence - of tumours from about 12,000 patients.
The team says the unprecedented amount of data allowed them to uncover new patterns in the DNA of cancer - hinting at causes that are not yet understood.
They add that the genetic clues will ultimately help improve diagnosis and treatment.
The research is published in Science.
Cancer can be thought of as a corrupted version of our own healthy cells - mutations to our DNA change our cells until eventually they grow and divide uncontrollably.
Traditionally many cancers have been categorised by doctors based on where they are in the body and the type of cells involved - but whole genome sequencing can provide another layer of key information.
'Dinosaur footprints'
Whole genome sequencing is relatively new, but is already available on the NHS for a small number of specific cancers, including some blood cancers.
The NHS long-term plan aims to make it more widely available, through the NHS Genomic Medicine Service. READ MORE...
"We're definitely in the right place."
There's an air of relief in the science team running the American space agency's (Nasa) Perseverance rover on Mars.
The researchers are sure now they've sent the robot to a location that provides the best possible opportunity to find signs of ancient life.
"Percy" touched down in Jezero Crater in February and ever since has been snapping thousands of images of its surroundings.
The interpretation of these pictures forms the basis of the first scholarly paper to make it into print, in this week's edition of Science Magazine.
The analysis confirms the rover is sitting on the floor of a once great lake that was fed by a meandering river entering the deep bowl from the west. We're talking of events over 3.5 billion years ago when the Red Planet's climate was far more benign.
From Perseverance's observations, it's now certain that where the river system met the lake water, the flows suddenly slowed and the sediment in suspension fell out to form a delta - the kind of wedge-shaped "landform" you'll see all over the Earth. READ MORE...
The history of science includes numerous challenging problems, including the “hard problem” of consciousness: Why does an assembly of neurons—no matter how complex, such as the human brain—give rise to perceptions and feelings that are consciously experienced, such as the sweetness of chocolate or the tenderness of a loving caress on one's cheek? Beyond satisfying this millennia-old existential curiosity, understanding consciousness bears substantial medical and ethical implications, from evaluating whether someone is conscious after brain injury to determining whether nonhuman animals, fetuses, cell organoids, or even advanced machines are conscious.
A comprehensive and agreed-upon theory of consciousness is necessary to answer the question of which systems—biologically evolved or artificially designed—experience anything and to define the ethical boundaries of our actions toward them. The research projects described here will hopefully point the way and indicate whether some of today's major theories hold water or not.
After prosperous decades of focused scientific investigation zeroing in on the neural correlates of consciousness, a number of candidate theories of consciousness have emerged. These have independently gained substantial empirical support, led to empirically testable predictions, and resulted in major improvements in the evaluation of consciousness at the bedside.
Notwithstanding this progress, the conjectures being put forward by the different theories make diverging claims and predictions that cannot all be simultaneously true. Moreover, the theories evolve and continue to adapt as further data accumulates, with hardly any cross-talk between them. How can we then narrow down on which theory better explains conscious experience?
The road to a possible solution may be paved by means of a new form of cooperation among scientific adversaries. Championed by Daniel Kahneman in the field of behavioral economics and predated by Arthur Eddington's observational study to test Einstein's theory of general relativity against Newton's theory of gravitation, adversarial collaboration rests on identifying the most diagnostic points of divergence between competing theories, reaching agreement on precisely what they predict, and then designing experiments that directly test those diverging predictions.
During the past 2 years, several groups have adopted this approach, following an initiative that aims to accelerate research in consciousness. So far, several theories of consciousness are being evaluated in this manner to test competing explanations for where and when neural activity gives rise to subjective experience. TO READ MORE, CLICK HERE...
