The Fifth State of Matter

An entirely new state of matter known to be neither solid, nor liquid, nor gaseous is a prediction by an Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein which has become a reality in its prediction after the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) that has shifted our minds on how we perceive the discovery of physics. This discovery paves way into further research and investigation in quantum mechanics.

How did Bose-Einstein Condensate come about?
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is the name given to a peculiar quantum state of matter that was theorized to exist in the mid-1920s by two of the greatest minds in physics, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. 

The greatest minds of the 20th century reasoned that particles would merge into one cohesive entity if they were maintained at low densities and cooled to extremely low temperatures—just a few degrees below absolute zero.          READ MORE...

Matter in the Universe

Most matter in the universe cannot be seen — but its influence on the largest structures in space can.

Astronomers estimate that roughly 85% of all the matter in the universe is dark matter, meaning only 15% of all matter is normal matter. Accounting for dark energy, the name astronomers give to the accelerated expansion of the universe, dark matter makes up roughly 27% of all the mass energy in the cosmos, according to CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research).

Astronomers have a variety of tools to measure the total amount of matter in the universe and compare that to the amount of "normal" (also called "baryonic") matter. The simplest technique is to compare two measurements.

The first measurement is the total amount of light emitted by a large structure, like a galaxy, which astronomers can use to infer that object's mass. The second measurement is the estimated amount of gravity needed to hold the large structure together. 

When astronomers compare these measurements on galaxies and clusters throughout the universe, they get the same result: There simply isn't enough normal, light-emitting matter to account for the amount of gravitational force needed to hold those objects together.

Thus, there must be some form of matter that is not emitting light: dark matter.

Different galaxies have different proportions of dark matter to normal matter. Some galaxies contain almost no dark matter, while others are nearly devoid of normal matter. But measurement after measurement gives the same average result: Roughly 85% of the matter in the universe does not emit or interact with light.  READ MORE...