New evidence from fossilized dental plaque, coastal excavation sites and ancient feces is upending long-held assumptions about Neanderthal diets. Far from being brutish carnivores who hunted woolly mammoths and gnawed on raw meat, Neanderthals appear to have been remarkably adaptable eaters — with menus that included cooked crabs, medicinal plants, and even legumes.
Findings from multiple peer-reviewed studies, including a seminal paper published in Nature, reveal significant regional variation in Neanderthal diets across Europe. In northern sites like Spy Cave in Belgium, stable isotope analysis confirms a meat-heavy intake — primarily woolly rhinoceros and wild sheep. But in Spain’s El Sidrón cave, researchers found almost no trace of meat. Instead, genetic sequencing of calcified dental plaque uncovered remnants of mushrooms, pine nuts, moss, and tree bark.
China may be on the brink of an energy revolution thanks to a newly revealed abundance of thorium, a radioactive metal that could fuel the nation for tens of thousands of years. The heart of this discovery lies in the Bayan Obo mining complex in Inner Mongolia, where a recent national survey uncovered reserves that may vastly exceed earlier estimates, offering a potential solution to the world’s growing energy demands.
A Radioactive Element With Unique Potential
Thorium is a silver-colored element found naturally in the earth’s crust, often as a byproduct of rare earth mining. Unlike uranium, which powers most of the world’s nuclear reactors, thorium cannot directly sustain a nuclear reaction because it is not fissile. However, thorium is classified as “fertile,” meaning it can be transformed into uranium-233, a fissile material, through neutron bombardment inside a molten-salt reactor (MSR).
